San Diego—It’s difficult to talk about pain control these days without mentioning the opioid epidemic.
Despite the dramatic rise in opioid prescriptions over the last decade, pain scores and patient satisfaction have remained the same. Opioid-related deaths, on the other hand, have quadrupled in the United States.
According to Karim Ladha, MD, MSc, from the Department of Anesthesia at Toronto General Hospital of the University of Toronto, the perioperative period plays an